Black Horse Of The Apocalypse VI

"they shall eat bread by weight, and with care"
(Eze 4: 16)
"I will destroy your food supply"

(Lev. 26: 26)

"Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, behold, I will break the staff of bread in Jerusalem: and they shall eat bread by weight, and with care; and they shall drink water by measure, and with astonishment: That they may want (lack) bread and water, and be astonied one with another, and consume away for their iniquity." (Eze 4: 16-17)

Commented Dr. Gill on these verses:

"behold, I will break the staff of bread in Jerusalem: that is, take away bread, which is the staff of life, the support of it, and which strengthens man's heart; and also the nourishing virtue and efficacy from what they had. The sense is, that the Lord would both deprive them of a sufficiency of bread, the nourishment of man; and not suffer the little they had to be nourishing to them; what they ate would not satisfy them, nor do them much good; see (Leviticus 26:26 ) (Isaiah 3:1 ); and they shall eat bread by weight, and with care; that they might not eat too much at a time, but have something for tomorrow;

and consume away for their iniquity; their flesh upon them black through famine, putrid and noisome; and they wasting, pining, and consuming; reduced to skin and bones; and disagreeable to look upon; and all because of their sins and iniquities." (Commentary)

Though the famine mentioned by Ezekiel concerned "Jerusalem" and her citizens yet it describes the famine that is coming under the black horse rider of the Apocalypse. Under the black horse rider we see wheat and barley, "bread," being carefully weighed.

At this point in our look at the black horse rider and his judgment, we plan to address the following questions.

Questions

1. What food is scarce? What crops?
2. What "harm" or "damage" is done to these food sources and supplies?
3. What food stuffs are particularly mentioned?
4. What about the food stuffs not particularly mentioned?
5. Why the command to "damage not the olive oil and the wine"?
6. What earthly power is controlling food distribution (or the scales)?
7. What effect will the famine have on the previous murdering under the red horse?
8. How long will the bloodshed and famine last?
9. How many will die by the famine and sword?
10. Will the righteous suffer as the wicked?

Assumptions

1. People will still be working for a day's supply is given for a day's wage.
2. Commerce, buying and selling, will still be occurring.
3. Some authority is in control of rationing food.
4. All food crops harmed except for grapes and olives.

In the first chapter in this series on the black horse rider, I cited from Seiss. Recall his words:

"The arrival of things at such a pass, accordingly argues a severity of hard times, distress, and want, almost beyond the power of imagination to depict. Yet, it is but the natural result of the state of things under the red horse. The two are closely connected as cause and effect. Take away peace from the earth, and inaugurate universal wars, civil strifes, and bloody feuds, and terrible scarcity of the means of subsistence must follow."

As has been pointed out previously, it seems more natural for the famine to precede the civil strife and manslaughter. But, with the four horsemen, the strife precedes the famine, a thing Seiss addressed, saying that the famine is "the natural result of the state of things under the red horse." We also observed, however, that Seiss has also been cited as affirming that the first four seals are opened rapidly, each seal being opened immediately upon the opening of the others, so that the effect is that the four horsemen may be said to appear together.

We also observed how it is likely that the judgment of each horse rider continues along with the others. In other words, the bloodshed and absence of peace does not stop when the black horse rider comes, but rather the red horse rider keeps right on riding but this time accompanied by the black horse rider.

No doubt but that the famine will in some cases increase the mutual manslaughter, people killing to steal another's supply of wheat and barley. On the other hand, when people get weak from malnutrition, they are not as able to kill another, and so there will rather be a decrease in the manslaughter.

One wonders also how the populous can still keep working, receiving their "day's wage," when they become weak and ill. One wonders about the elderly, the disabled. Will they be denied a day's supply of food because they are not working? Will it be a case of "lifeboat ethics"? More on that later.

It seems clear that the coming of the white, red, and black horse riders, with their judgments, acts like "Dominoes," and/or a "Slippery Slope,"  where things go "spiraling" out of control. There is, in the coming judgments of the Apocalypse, beginning with the four horsemen, a chain of events that, once initiated, cannot be halted.

The Food Supply

The foods specifically mentioned are wheat, barley, wine, and oil (probably olive oil). There is no mention of meat nor of fruits and vegetables other than grapes and olives. No other grains are mentioned, such as oats, rice, sorghum, millet, rye, etc.

It seems unlikely that it is only wheat and barley that are harmed or damaged by the judgment of the black horse rider. The words "harm not the wine and oil" imply that all other crops are harmed. Everything is harmed except the vine and olive tree. If wheat and barley are in scant supplies, then so it is likely other grains, fruits and vegetables, will also be "harmed" or "damaged."

We know that there are several causes for the famine. In one sense, it is the sin of the world. In another sense, it is the judgment act of God. But, what second causes are there? What means does the Lord use to damage the food supply? Drought? Civil chaos?

The food supply has often been an object of God's wrath when punishing sinners. In the long ago the Lord warned the Israelites:

“And if, in spite of all this, you still disobey me, I will punish you seven times over for your sins. 19 I will break your proud spirit by making the skies as unyielding as iron and the earth as hard as bronze. 20 All your work will be for nothing, for your land will yield no crops, and your trees will bear no fruit. 21 “If even then you remain hostile toward me and refuse to obey me, I will inflict disaster on you seven times over for your sins. 22 I will send wild animals that will rob you of your children and destroy your livestock. Your numbers will dwindle, and your roads will be deserted. 23 “And if you fail to learn the lesson and continue your hostility toward me, 24 then I myself will be hostile toward you. I will personally strike you with calamity seven times over for your sins. 25 I will send armies against you to carry out the curse of the covenant you have broken. When you run to your towns for safety, I will send a plague to destroy you there, and you will be handed over to your enemies. 26 I will destroy your food supply, so that ten women will need only one oven to bake bread for their families. They will ration your food by weight, and though you have food to eat, you will not be satisfied. 27 “If in spite of all this you still refuse to listen and still remain hostile toward me, 28 then I will give full vent to my hostility. I myself will punish you seven times over for your sins. 29 Then you will eat the flesh of your own sons and daughters. 30 I will destroy your pagan shrines and knock down your places of worship. I will leave your lifeless corpses piled on top of your lifeless idols,[a] and I will despise you. 31 I will make your cities desolate and destroy your places of pagan worship." (Lev. 26: 20-31 NLT)

Though these curses and punishments are threatened against Israel for her disobedience to the Sinai Covenant yet they are applicable to all men in that all men have covenant obligations to render faith and allegiance to their Creator. In this description of God's judgment he threatens the "food supply." It is the same kind of judgment upon the food supply that is coming at the time of the black horse rider.

Notice that more than once, due to the increased disobedience of the people (or as the Lord says, "for your sins") and for their continued refusal to repent, the Lord promises to increase the severity of the judgments "seven times over." 

The Lord says that he will be "hostile" (or furious) towards the rebellious Israelites, to "give full vent to my hostility (fury)" This is in keeping with what we observed in previous chapters about God being cruel, terrible, severe, etc.

The Lord will employ "armies" who will "carry out" or execute "the curse," which curse includes devastation to the food supply. Recall that we have already referred to the various locust "armies" sent by God to destroy the crops, via the prophecy of Joel. Further, as we have observed, the white horse rider refers to the coming of Christ in judgment, and so the red, black, and pale horses are but agents of the judgments determined and executed by Christ, and each of these three calvary riders may be viewed as generals who are in charge of other heavenly angels who will help to bring about the calamities described.

Hard Lessons For The Evil World

"Yea, in the way of thy judgments, O Lord, have we waited for thee; the desire of our soul is to thy name, and to the remembrance of thee.  With my soul have I desired thee in the night; yea, with my spirit within me will I seek thee early: when thy judgments are in the earth, the inhabitants of the world will learn righteousness." (Isa. 26: 8-9)

What are the judgments of the four horsemen designed to teach the Omega wicked generation? What lessons does the Lord want the inhabitants of the earth to "learn" by these awful judgments of the Apocalypse? Further, do they accept the teaching God is giving them? Or, do they rebel against it?

On the above words of the prophet, Barnes said:

"the punishments which he inflicted were intended to lead people to learn righteousness...Learn righteousness - The design is to warn, to restrain, and to reform them." (Commentary)

Wrote John Calvin:

"The inhabitants of the earth will learn righteousness. We must observe the reason assigned, when he says that “the inhabitants of the earth learn righteousness from the judgments of God,” meaning that by chastisements men are taught to fear God.  In prosperity they forget him, and their eyes are as it were blinded by fatness; they grow wanton and petulant, and do not submit to be under authority; and therefore the Lord restrains their insolence, and teaches them to obey. In short, the Prophet confesses that he and others were trained, by God’s chastisements, to yield submission to his authority, and to intrust themselves to his guardianship; because if God do not, with uplifted arm, claim his right to rule, no man of his own accord yields obedience." (Commentary)

These comments are in keeping with what we have observed about the wicked prosperity of the very last days and of the judgments that shall come upon it. The prophet's words tell us, in so many words, that "God’s judgments are the best schoolmasters." (John Trapp commentary) But, as we will see, the Omega generation will be most hardened in their sins and enmity against God and his Christ, and rather than reforming or repenting of their wicked behavior, they rather curse and blaspheme God who they finally recognize is sending these awful calamities of judgment.

Wrote another:

"For when thy judgments are in the earth, the inhabitants of the world will learn righteousness: and good reason it is that we should thus desire and seek thee in the way of thy judgments, because this is the very design of thy judgments, that men should thereby be awakened to learn and return to their duty; and this is a common effect of them, that those who have been careless in prosperity, are made wiser and better by afflictions." (Matthew Poole's English Annotations on the Holy Bible)

But why does God visit us with judgments? Not that He delights in the miseries of His creatures. “He afflicteth not willingly, nor grieveth the children of men.” He would rather “draw them by the cords of love”; and “by His goodness lead them to repentance.”

It is, as we have observed, it is in order that God uproot unrighteousness and in justice judge the world.

God's Lesson To Omega Man

"Jesus answered, “It is written: ‘Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.’” (Matt. 4: 4)

This is one lesson the Lord intends to teach the Omega generation!

The bible teaches that it is God "who supplies seed to the sower and bread for food." (2 Corinthians 9:10 NIV) It teaches that "he gives to all life, and breath, and all things." (Acts 17: 25)

The Lord warned by Moses:

"But thou shalt remember the LORD thy God: for it is he that giveth thee power to get wealth." (Duet. 8: 18)

John the Baptist taught similarly, saying:

"A man can receive nothing, except it be given him from heaven." (John 3: 27)

But, this is a truth that man has forgotten. For, like Israel, the creature has "forgotten his Maker" (Hosea 8: 14) Not only is he not thankful to his Creator, he actually is at war with him. This is why fallen man is called a "rebel" in scripture. Yet, the Lord warns:

"If you are willing and obedient, you will eat the good things of the land; but if you resist and rebel, you will be devoured by the sword.” For the mouth of the LORD has spoken." (Isa. 1: 19-20)

When the red and black horse riders appear, then masses around the world will be "devoured by the sword" and will not any longer "eat the good things of the land." And why? Because the world will be full of "rebels" who "resist" God, who are unwilling and disobedient.

The World's Reaction

"And the rest of the men which were not killed by these plagues yet repented not of the works of their hands, that they should not worship devils, and idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and stone, and of wood: which neither can see, nor hear, nor walk: Neither repented they of their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their fornication, nor of their thefts." (Rev. 9: 20-21)

Throughout the varied judgments of the coming Apocalypse we are sometimes told of the reaction that these judgments are having upon the wicked inhabitants of the earth. The above is the first. Though it is mentioned only in chapter nine, yet it truly characterizes the reaction of the people up to that time and must include the reaction of the earth's peoples under the calamities of the four horsemen. Notice that it is repeated that they did not "repent." They kept right on doing those things that were the cause of the judgments. Though the judgments are designed to teach the people their errors and to teach them the way of salvation and righteousness, yet the people are bad students, failing to get the lesson. They do not react as the Ninevites, who repented in sackcloth over the announced doom that the prophet brought to them from the Lord.

"And men were scorched with great heat, and blasphemed the name of God, which hath power over these plagues: and they repented not to give him glory...And blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores, and repented not of their deeds...And there fell upon men a great hail out of heaven, every stone about the weight of a talent: and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great." (Rev. 16: 9, 11, 21)

Notice that this is said in chapter 16 when many more awful judgments have come on the earth. Have the people finally learned their lesson and repented? No, they rather become more hardened in their sin and rebellion against the Lord.

Notice these other statements by the sufferers of the judgments:

"And the same hour was there a great earthquake, and the tenth part of the city fell, and in the earthquake were slain of men seven thousand: and the remnant were affrighted, and gave glory to the God of heaven." (Rev.11: 13)

"Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name? for thou only art holy: for all nations shall come and worship before thee; for thy judgments are made manifest." (Rev. 15: 4)

The first verse gives us some hope that some of the earth's wicked inhabitants will begin to "get the lesson," or "get the point," recognize the judgment as coming from God, and rather than blaspheming God, as others, "give glory to the God of heaven."

Several times the Lord said (Lev. 26) "if you fail to learn the lesson." It seems that the Omega generation will indeed "fail to learn the lesson."

All Is Vanity - A New Birth Lesson

Vanity of vanities, says the Preacher,
vanity of vanities! All is vanity.
What does man gain by all the toil
at which he toils under the sun? (Eccl. 1: 2-3 ESV)

Looking back on the time of my being "drawn" by the Father as a young adolescent, I see how my being brought into union with Christ, and my rebirth in his image, first began with an "awakening." I became aware of the vanity of life. What a realization that was! Life seemed hopeless. Going on the assumption that the present life in the flesh was everything, there being no sense of an afterlife, or better life after death, I saw that life itself was vanity. We are born to die. What a realization! And what of human life?

Yes, I saw, as a young man, that there were good things about life, fun and games, pleasures, but I also saw all the evil in the world, all the suffering. Life just did not seem worth living, the pleasures gained by living did not seem to justify all the evils of living. All was "vanity and vexation of spirit" to me. But, then, I was able to understand the Gospel, to know something about God and his plans and purposes, about the causes of death and suffering, etc.

It made sense to me! It gave me joy and a purpose to know that this life was but a time of probation and that a better life, an eternal life, was promised to all who accepted God's grace and sovereignty and put trust in his Son, the Lord Jesus Christ. This I was glad to do. I remember the conviction I was under. I remember praying for forgiveness and promising God repentance. I remember when the Lord and I made a covenant. I asked him to come into my heart. He did. Nothing has ever been the same. Nothing else matters but finishing my service to the Lord Jesus to whom I committed my trust.

Yes, this world is all vanity. But, I look for "the world to come," for the "new Jerusalem," the "heavenly city," for "the new heavens and the new earth," for the eternal kingdom of God and heaven. Then there will no longer be any "vanity and vexation of spirit."

Black Horse Of The Apocalypse V

"I will consume them by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence." 

(Jer. 14: 12)

"Before their face the people shall be much pained: all faces shall gather blackness."

(Joel 2: 6)

The Black Death Of Famine

"Black, in the Scriptures, is the image of fear, of famine, of death. Lamentations 5:10; "our skin was black like an oven, because of the terrible famine." Jeremiah 14:2; "because of the drought Judah mourneth, and the gates thereof languish; they are in deep mourning (literally, black) for the land." Joel 2:6; "all faces shall gather blackness." Nahum 2:10; "the knees smite together, and there is great pain in all loins, and the faces of them all gather blackness." Compare Revelation 6:12; Ezekiel 32:7. See also Bochart, Hieroz. P. i. lib. ii. c. vii. pp. 106, 107. From the color of the horse here introduced we should naturally look for some dire calamity, though the nature of the calamity would not be designated by the mere use of the word "black." What the calamity was to be must be determined by what follows in the symbol. Famine, pestilence, oppression, heavy taxation, tyranny, invasion - any of these might be denoted by the color of the horse." (Barnes Commentary on Rev. 6: 5-6)

It must be kept in mind that the famine that comes with the black horse rider is a judgment from God upon a sinful world. In the Lord's first great worldwide destruction he "brought in the flood upon the world of the ungodly." (II Peter 2: 5) In the judgments of the Apocalypse, including that of the black horse rider, God will again bring worldwide destruction "upon the world of the ungodly."

"For the hurt of the daughter of my people am I hurt; I am black; astonishment hath taken hold on me." (Jer. 8: 21)

Black is associated with the negative aspects of human experience, such as death, and so accounts for people wearing black clothing, the clothing of mourning, at ceremonies for the dead, or at funerals. It is also a color associated with disease and famine, with deep lamentations (hence the association of sackcloth, which is black, with such mourning), all of which are the results of sin. On the above words of the prophet ("I am black") we have these comments from the commentaries:

"I am black — I look ghastly, as those who are dying." (Benson Commentary)
"black—sad in visage with grief (Joe 2:6)." (JFB)
"I am black; I am as those that are clad in deep mourning, Psalm 38:6 Jeremiah 14:2." (Matthew Poole's)
"I am black; with grief and sorrow. The Targum is,"my face is covered with blackness, black as a pot.'" (Gill)

Of the judgment of God upon the crops via the various kinds of locusts narrated in the Book of Joel, we have this testimony concerning the locust "armies" God sent: "Before their face the people shall be much pained: all faces shall gather blackness." (Joel 2: 6) Such will be the "face of the people" of the planet (except for a favored few) at the time when the famine of the black horse rider comes. Recall too the words of Jeremiah - "our skin was black like an oven, because of the terrible famine."

Some think that a good God would never inflict such an evil upon men. They think God is being too harsh, too strict and severe in his punishments, to do such. Of course, as we know, even in human courts the guilty often think their punishment is either undeserved or too severe. But, God is severe in his judgments, but they are nevertheless deserved by fallen man.

The Severity Of God

On the "severity" of God Paul wrote:

"Behold therefore the goodness and severity of God: on them which fell, severity; but toward thee, goodness, if thou continue in his goodness: otherwise thou also shalt be cut off." (Rom. 11: 22)

Severe does not mean unjust nor "cruel and unusual punishment." The severity of the judgment will be in proportion to the severity of the evil of men upon whom it is executed. Men have been severe in their judgments (criticisms) of God, of each other, and of the good and righteous. Thus, men do not get more than they deserve in the day of tribulation and wrath. Nor do they get less than they deserve. They get exactly what they deserve.

Further, God is the judge of what is too harsh and severe. Men have no right to question God's just judgments or call him to account. God answers to no man. All answer to him. Only a fool would try to convince God that he has acted too harshly, cruelly, and severely in condemning him. Few criminals acknowledge the justice of their punishment.

"Behold, the day of the LORD cometh, cruel both with wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate: and he shall destroy the sinners thereof out of it." (Isa. 13: 9)

Is God cruel and fierce? Apparently so. But, the cruelty of the Lord is not cruel in the sense of unjust or unfair. The Hebrew word translated "cruel" involves "terror." God is both cruel and terrible in his judgments. Wrote the Psalmist:

"For the LORD most high is terrible; he is a great King over all the earth." (Psa. 47: 2)

By terrible is meant causing intense fear and foreboding. In this sense God also is "awful," not in the sense of bad, but in the sense of inspiring awe.

When we think about God being strict and severe, what we are really talking about is his "having judgment without mercy." (James 2: 13) To have judgment without mercy, or leniency, is to be severe, strict, and exacting. Merciless execution of punishment is indeed cruel and terrible, but so too is the crime of humanity in rejecting its creator and his proffered salvation. The wrath of man is cruel. But, God's wrath is justly cruel and is far more marvelous than that of depraved man. Notice these words of the prophet Jeremiah:

"All thy lovers have forgotten thee; they seek thee not; for I have wounded thee with the wound of an enemy, with the chastisement of a cruel one, for the multitude of thine iniquity; because thy sins were increased." (Jer. 30: 14)

Here the Lord testifies that he had sent wounding and chastisement as "of a cruel one." But, again, notice how the cruelty of the Lord is just retribution for it is "for the multitude" and "increase" of the "iniquity" and "sins" of the people.

The day of judgment under the four horsemen will see what is called the "fierce anger of the LORD" by the prophets.

By Sword & Famine

"They shall die of grievous deaths; they shall not be lamented; neither shall they be buried; but they shall be as dung upon the face of the earth: and they shall be consumed by the sword, and by famine; and their carcases shall be meat for the fowls of heaven, and for the beasts of the earth." (Jer. 16: 4)

This has been God's previous means of punishment in Israel's history and in the history of other nations over whom the Lord reigns. But it will be superbly so at the time of the end when the red and black horse riders appear with their awful calamities.

"When I shall send upon them the evil arrows of famine, which shall be for their destruction, and which I will send to destroy you: and I will increase the famine upon you, and will break your staff of bread: So will I send upon you famine and evil beasts, and they shall bereave thee; and pestilence and blood shall pass through thee; and I will bring the sword upon thee. I the LORD have spoken it." (Eze. 5: 16-17)

There are many verses in the old testament that couple together the sword and the famine, the very things we see with the coming of the red and black horse riders. In the above verse, a verse we called attention to when we discussed the white horse rider with his "evil arrows of famine" shot from his "toxon," the arrows are sword and famine. Further, the above promised judgment is not for sinners in Israel alone but are the very same which will be sent upon the Omega generation of "this evil age." Further, the sword and the famine are also linked with sending "evil beasts," the very thing we see in the coming of the deathly green or pale horse. Ezekiel also wrote of this oracle from Jehovah:

"Son of man, when the land sinneth against me by trespassing grievously, then will I stretch out mine hand upon it, and will break the staff of the bread thereof, and will send famine upon it, and will cut off man and beast from it." (Eze. 14: 13)

Notice again the attack upon "the bread," which is also what we see with the black horse rider, who is measuring out in meagre quantities both wheat and barley, grains used for making bread. But, more on that later. Notice again the reason for this famine. It is for "the land sinning against me by trespassing grievously." Also, notice again the coupling of sword and famine. Notice also that the purpose of the famine is to "cut off man and beast" from the land. Wrote Isaiah:

"These two things are come unto thee; who shall be sorry for thee? desolation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword: by whom shall I comfort thee?" (Isa. 51: 19)

These "two things" are what we see in the sword of the red horse and the famine and scales of the black horse. Though there are four things seemingly mentioned in the above text, yet there are really only two. Wrote Dr. Gill:

"desolation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword; which may be the two things before mentioned, for though there are four words, they are reducible to two things, desolation, which is the sword, and by it, and destruction, which is the famine, and comes by that, as Kimchi observes: or the words may be rendered thus, "desolation, and destruction, even the famine and the sword"; so that there is no need of making these things four, and of considering them as distinct from the other two..." (Commentary)

Now notice this sampling of other verses that couple the sword and famine together.

"Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, Behold, I will punish them: the young men shall die by the sword; their sons and their daughters shall die by famine." (Jer. 11: 22)

"And it shall come to pass, if they say unto thee, Whither shall we go forth? then thou shalt tell them, Thus saith the LORD; Such as are for death, to death; and such as are for the sword, to the sword; and such as are for the famine, to the famine; and such as are for the captivity, to the captivity." (Jer. 15: 2)

"And I will send the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, among them, till they be consumed from off the land that I gave unto them and to their fathers." (Jer. 24: 10)

In this verse we have all three horse riders depicted by the sword (red horse), famine (black horse), and pestilence (pale horse).

"They have belied the LORD, and said, It is not he; neither shall evil come upon us; neither shall we see sword nor famine." (Jer. 5: 12)

"Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, Behold, I will punish them: the young men shall die by the sword; their sons and their daughters shall die by famine." (Jer. 11: 22)

"I will consume them by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence." (Jer. 14:12)

"And I will send the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, among them, till they be consumed from off the land that I gave unto them and to their fathers." (Jer. 24: 10)

The famine and the sword are rewards for rebellion against God. Let us consider these words of the prophet Obadiah:

"For the day of the LORD is near upon all the heathen: as thou hast done, it shall be done unto thee: thy reward shall return upon thine own head." (Oba. 1:15)

When the sword and famine come to the world through the coming of the red and black horse riders, then it will be sent as "reward," for the doing unto sinners what they have done to God, his word, and unto their fellow man.

Black Horse Of The Apocalypse IV

"they shall be consumed by the sword, and by famine"

 (Jer. 16: 4)

"I will kill thy root with famine, and he shall slay thy remnant" 

(Isa. 14: 30)

In regard to the famine that is coming  (via the black horse) we have emphasized how the world will be feasting (in a way displeasing to God), enjoying a "frat party" atmosphere, up to that time. Then suddenly severe global famine comes. The world will go "from feast to famine" in a short period of time. Solomon warned - "for riches certainly make themselves wings; they fly away as an eagle toward heaven." (Prov. 23: 5) Sufficiency of food for all, like riches, will "fly away" when the four horsemen ride into our world in terrible judgment.

As we have observed in regard to the circumstances that led to the numerous sins of Sodom, one of them was having "excess of food." Not having enough is bad, as all would agree. But, how many would agree that having too much is also bad in many cases? When the black horse rider comes, then the world will go from having plenty, or too much, to not having enough, to having scant supplies.

Having considered already the intemperate and gluttonous times that precede the Apocalyptic judgment of the red and black horses, we add these pertinent words of the prophet to that previous description of the "fat cats" of the last days.

"Yea, they are greedy dogs which can never have enough, and they are shepherds that cannot understand: they all look to their own way, every one for his gain, from his quarter. Come ye, say they, I will fetch wine, and we will fill ourselves with strong drink; and to morrow shall be as this day, and much more abundant." (Isa. 56: 11-12)

The religious and governmental leaders of the above texts are characterized; And, the description of them is also a description of the character of the world's citizens at the time of the coming sword of the red horse rider and of the famine of the black horse rider. The description is similar to other passages that we have already studied and which describes the evil characteristics of the Omega generation.

"Yea, they are greedy dogs - Margin, 'Strong of appetite.' Literally, 'Strong of soul' (עזי־נפשׁ ‛azēy-nephesh. Jerome renders it, Canes impudentissimi. So the Septuagint, Κύνες ἀναιδεῖς τῇ ψυχῇ Kunes anaideis tē psuchē - 'Dogs impudent in soul.' They were greedy and insatiable in that which the soul or the appetite demands. The idea here is, that the prophets to whom reference is here made were sensual, and disposed to gorge themselves; living only for carnal indulgence, insensible to the rights of others, and never satisfied." (Barnes Notes)

Surely if there was ever a description of a Hedonistic people it is here in these words of the prophet. Surely the final generation will be Hedonistic on a scale never before seen. People today are never satisfied, "can never have enough," and they are selfish, caring for no one but themselves, and are totally given over to serving their own carnal desires. As Solomon said, "the eyes of man are never satisfied." (Prov. 27: 20) On these words Dr. Gill commented: "so neither the eyes of the carnal mind, or the lusts of it, which are insatiable things, let the objects of them be what they will; as in an ambitious man, a covetous person, or an unclean one." (Commentary)

Men today think that if they can simply make enough money that they will be "satisfied." They work hard, oftentimes "by hook or crook," to obtain freedom from want and care, longing for the day they dream of, a day when they can "relax," and to "take it easy," to "live on easy street" for awhile, to be served rather than to serve (or to employ rather than being employed), etc. Yet, Solomon also warned:

"He that loveth silver shall not be satisfied with silver; nor he that loveth abundance with increase: this is also vanity." (Eccl. 5: 10)

Rich people are no better than poor people, morally speaking. They also do not enjoy more peace and contentment than the poor or the not so rich. The rich are not exempt from family troubles, nor with addiction evils, nor with lack of self control, nor with other numerous consequences of being human and sinful. People who thought that wealth would bring them wealth find, once they have become wealthy and self sufficient, that it did not solve all their problems. Ironically, it often brings further tribulation. They thought it would "satisfy" but find out that it does not. The reason is, of course, is that they do not know "contentment."

Wrote the prophet:

"Shall I acquit someone with dishonest scales, with a bag of false weights? Your rich people are violent; your inhabitants are liars and their tongues speak deceitfully. Therefore, I have begun to destroy you, to ruin you because of your sins. You will eat but not be satisfied; your stomach will still be empty. You will store up but save nothing, because what you save I will give to the sword." (Mic 6:11-14 NIV)

These same words may be spoken by the Lord unto today's wicked generation. Much ill gotten gain with very few honest people in the world! Notice how the judgment of the Lord was against "your rich people" specifically and the "inhabitants" in general and is economic in nature. What would our description of today's rich people be? Would it be all that different from that given by Micah the prophet? What also would be our description of most of the world's citizens as respects honest dealings? Again, would it be all that better than as described above?

Barnes also added these thoughts on our opening text (Isa. 56: 11-12):

"Come ye, say they - (compare the notes at Isaiah 22:13). That is, one says to another, 'I will fetch wine;' or as we would say, 'I will take another glass.' The object is to describe a drinking-bout, or carousal, when the glass is shoved around, and there is drinking to excess. The language denotes the state of exhilaration and excitement when sitting at the table, and already under the influence of wine."

Again, of this kind of "lifestyle" we have already spoken much about. Recall how the apostle described the people of the world in the last days in these words:

"People will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, proud, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy, without love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not lovers of the good, treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God" (II Tim. 3: 2-4 NIV).

The same apostle spoke of how true love (agape) does not "rejoice in iniquity" (I Cor. 13: 6). "Rejoice in iniquity"? Is that not a description of the "rejoicing" (happiness, enjoyment) that characterizes sinners who are today lost in sin and depravity? Paul not only spoke of "rejoicing not in iniquity" but also of how love "rejoices in the truth," in what is right and real. Those who rejoice in iniquity do not rejoice in what is right and real, but in what is false and myth. These unrealities, call them dreams or aspirations, are false beliefs and realities; And, in these men take mental refuge. So said the prophet in the long ago: "for we have made lies our refuge, and under falsehood have we hid ourselves." (Isa. 28: 15)

As we have pointed out, being wealthy is generally a temptation that few escape. Wrote the apostle:

"But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition. For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows." (1 Tim. 6: 9-10)

Taking the principle above and applying it to the world in general, we can say that the Omega generation will be one given to luxury and extravagance and that this state will precede the bloodshed and famine under the coming of the red and black horse riders. The world will, being rich, at the time of the end, "fall into temptation (trial) and a snare (trap)," and will experience "many foolish and hurtful lusts" and "pierce themselves through with many sorrows," such as we see under the judgments that begin the Apocalypse via the four horsemen.

Wrote the prophet Jeremiah:

"How shall I pardon thee for this? thy children have forsaken me, and sworn by them that are no gods: when I had fed them to the full, they then committed adultery, and assembled themselves by troops in the harlots' houses. They were as fed horses in the morning: every one neighed after his neighbour's wife. Shall I not visit for these things? saith the LORD: and shall not my soul be avenged on such a nation as this?" (Jer. 5: 7-9)

Notice that it is when the people had been "fed to the full" that they were led astray. Sinners today, with so much wealth on every hand, and likewise "fed to the full," arise each day as "fed horses," ready to go "neighing" (lusting). Upon these the Lord promises vengeance, and this is what we see in the coming famine under the black horse rider. Then it will be like that described by Jeremiah who wrote:

"The tongue of the sucking child cleaveth to the roof of his mouth for thirst: the young children ask bread, and no man breaketh it unto them. They that did feed delicately are desolate in the streets: they that were brought up in scarlet embrace dunghills. For the punishment of the iniquity of the daughter of my people is greater than the punishment of the sin of Sodom, that was overthrown as in a moment, and no hands stayed on her." ( Lam 4: 4-6)

They will also be living "after the manner of the Zidonians." 

"Then the five men departed, and came to Laish, and saw the people that were therein, how they dwelt careless, after the manner of the Zidonians, quiet and secure; and there was no magistrate in the land, that might put them to shame in any thing; he and they were far from the Zidonians, and had no business with any man." (Judges 18: 7)

Every man at the time of the coming judgment of the four horsemen will be "doing their own thing," being fully "Libertine," or "Libertarian," even anarchists and antinomians. Again, in the Book of Judges we read where the people did "every man did that which was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21: 25)

Famine Is The Fruit Of Covetousness

"For from the least of them even unto the greatest of them every one is given to covetousness." (Jer. 6: 13)

OT word for covetousness is betsa`and means "profit, unjust gain, gain (profit) acquired by violence" (Strong) The NT Greek word is pleonexia and means "greedy desire to have more, covetousness, avarice." And, people are addicted or "given to" their covetousness. It controls them.

Wrote Dr. Henry Morris:

“And He said unto them, Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man’s life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth” (Luke 12:15).

The sin of covetousness perhaps has been the most besetting sin of the human race since Eve, and God finally wrote it into the Decalog itself: “Thou shalt not covet” (Exodus 20:17). The apostle Paul even made the sweeping statement: “The love of money is the root of all evil” (I Timothy 6:10). “For no covetous man, who is an idolater, hath any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God” (Ephesians 5:5).

In view of such warnings, the Christian should indeed greatly beware of covetousness. Nevertheless, one of the distressing characteristics predicted for the “last days” is a great increase of covetousness, even among professing Christians. “In the last days...men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous...Having a form of godliness, but denying the power thereof” (II Timothy 3:1,2,5).

It is sad to see so many modern “Christian” movements promoting what might be called a “prosperity cult,” teaching that “gain is godliness.” Stressing “positive mental attitude,” “self-help,” “creative visualization,” and various other supposed spiritual psychotherapies, these modern false teachers and their affluent life styles have deluded multitudes of coveting Christians into thinking they have some sort of divine right to material prosperity.

The Greek word for “covetous,” describing men of the last days (II Timothy 3:2) is the same as that for “love of money” (I Timothy 6:10), an undue attention to material things. It is also used (in negative form) in Hebrews 13:5, and this is the true Christian standard. “Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content with such things as ye have: for He hath said, I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee.” (Covetousness In The Latter Days BY Dr. HENRY M. MORRIS - here)

The word "content" is from the Greek arkeō and "primarily signifies "to be sufficient, to be possessed of sufficient strength, to be strong, to be enough for a thing;" hence, "to defend, ward off;" in the Middle Voice, "to be satisfied, contented with," Luk 3:14, with wages; 1Ti 6:8, with food and raiment; Hbr 13:5, with "such things as ye have;" negatively of Diotrephes, in 3 Jo 1:10, "not content therewith."(Vine)

Rather than having contented citizens in the world today we rather have "malcontents." We also have rampant "materialism," which is "a doctrine that the only or the highest values or objectives lie in material well-being and in the furtherance of material progress."

Notice these verses on covetousness:

"For the iniquity of his covetousness was I wroth, and smote him: I hid me, and was wroth, and he went on frowardly in the way of his heart." (Isa. 57: 17)

"Woe to him that coveteth an evil covetousness to his house, that he may set his nest on high, that he may be delivered from the power of evil!" (Hab. 2: 9)

"Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content with such things as ye have: for he hath said, I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee." (Heb. 13: 5)

"And the soldiers likewise demanded of him, saying, And what shall we do? And he said unto them, Do violence to no man, neither accuse any falsely; and be content with your wages." (Luke 3: 14)

We have already observed how one of the characteristics of people at the time of the end time judgment is one of being "covetous." Further, the Bible says that "covetousness is idolatry." (Col. 3: 5)

Black Horse Of The Apocalypse III

"take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry"

"Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!”

"And he spake a parable unto them, saying, The ground of a certain rich man brought forth plentifully: And he thought within himself, saying, What shall I do, because I have no room where to bestow my fruits? And he said, This will I do: I will pull down my barns, and build greater; and there will I bestow all my fruits and my goods. And I will say to my soul, Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years; take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry. But God said unto him, Thou fool, this night thy soul shall be required of thee: then whose shall those things be, which thou hast provided? So is he that layeth up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God." (Luke 12: 16-21)

We have lots or "rich" people today! This judgment is not made by comparing the average person's economic condition with that of billionaires, but with comparing it to those of previous generations. By that standard, even the "poor" of today are rich. Even the poor of today have interior running water with bathrooms, electricity, refrigerators and other appliances, good food to eat from all parts of the world, which things the wealthy of former generations knew nothing about. Even in  "developing countries" (that have suffered the most famine in the twentieth century and onward, such as countries in Africa and Asia), people live better today than ever before.

The world today then is typified in the prosperous fool described by the Lord in the above story. People today are able to enjoy a short work week (unheard of till the 20th century) and have "leisure" time (a thing that only the rich were able to enjoy till modern times), and live in comfortable air conditioned homes, are able to retire early with their "nest eggs" and to say "take it easy." Have fun and enjoy. Simply "eat, drink, and be merry!" 

This calls to mind these words of Ezekiel:

"Behold, this was the iniquity of thy sister Sodom, pride, fulness of bread, and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. And they were haughty, and committed abomination before me: therefore I took them away as I saw good." (Eze. 16: 49-50)

This is predominantly the state of the world at the time of the coming of the judgments of the four horsemen of the Apocalypse of Christ. Many of these characteristics have been referred to in previous chapters on the white and red horses. But the characteristics now to be considered are her having "fulness of bread" and "abundance of idleness," both descriptive of times of prosperity. Yet, this prosperity was not the result of being blessed for godly living, but in spite of it.

Even "the wicked live, grow old," and are "mighty in power," that is, in wealth. (Job 21: 7) In fact, as we have shown, most of the righteous have been of the poorer classes. Further, what did the Sodomites spend their "free time" doing? They spent their time "fulfilling the lusts of the flesh and of the mind." They certainly did not spend it in good deeds, such as in feeding the poor and needy. In their prosperity they "committed abomination" openly and defiantly before the Lord, which included idolatry and all kinds of sexual immorality and perversion.

Jesus said that the poor would always be existent in this world. (Mark 14: 7) So, we are not looking for a time when all poverty will be eliminated (except after Jesus comes, of course, and we see the new heavens and earth). Rather, we are looking for that time of "peace and safety," and end time prosperity, which will be the state of the world at the time when the red and black horse riders ride into our world. Then, ironically, things will be amazingly reversed.

In the last hundred years, via industrialization and technological advancements, the world has gone "from rags to riches." But, when the red and black horse riders come we will see the world quickly go "from riches to rags." The height of the prosperity will be great but so also will be the depth of the famine and deprivation. It will be a great fall; From the heights of human glory to the lowest level of shame when worldwide civil war and famine abound!

Wrote the prophet Isaiah:

"And in that day did the Lord GOD of hosts call to weeping, and to mourning, and to baldness, and to girding with sackcloth: And behold joy and gladness, slaying oxen, and killing sheep, eating flesh, and drinking wine: let us eat and drink; for to morrow we shall die." (Isa. 22: 12-13)

The words highlighted above are cited by the Apostle Paul:

"If, in the manner of men, I have fought with beasts at Ephesus, what advantage is it to me? If the dead do not rise, “Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!” (I Cor. 15: 32)

This attitude prevailed in Sodom. It prevailed in the world at the time of the great deluge. It has appeared in many heathen states throughout history. It will yet prevail at the time of the end when the black horse rider brings loss of basic foods and things necessary for survival and good health. Behind this attitude is a belief that this life is what is important, any "after life" being merely thought of as a possibility, and therefore such belief leads to Hedonism. As we have seen in this series on the four horsemen, people in the last days will, on a grand scale, be "lovers of pleasures" (II Tim. 3: 4), especially "the pleasures of sin" (Heb. 11: 25). They will be living indulgent lifestyles, "fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind." (Eph. 2: 3)

Moses, however, warned of the dangerous state of material prosperity, writing:

"When you have eaten your fill and have built fine houses and live in them, and when your herds and flocks have multiplied, and your silver and gold is multiplied, and all that you have is multiplied, then do not exalt yourself, forgetting the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery." (Deut. 8:12-14)

This is similar to the words of Solomon previously cited about how the temptation of being rich is to forget the Lord and to feel no need of him. Moses warns the people against forgetting God in times of prosperity.

At the time of global prosperity, the world will be feasting, "living in sensuality, passions, drunkenness, orgies, drinking parties, and lawless idolatry" (I Peter 4: 3, English Standard Version). And then suddenly and unexpectedly, wham! Here comes bloodshed and famine! It makes one think of the judgment of God upon the murmuring and complaining Israelites. Wrote Moses:

"And while the flesh was yet between their teeth, ere it was chewed, the wrath of the LORD was kindled against the people, and the LORD smote the people with a very great plague." (Num. 11: 33)

"While the flesh was in their teeth"! It may be said too of that generation that will experience the judgment of the black horse rider - "while they feasted and drunk came sudden famine and want"!

It also recalls the time in the Book of Daniel when Belteshazzar "made a feast," the kind that a fat rich king would make, or a Hollywood immoral "fat cat" or rich "playboy" might make, and when he was filled with food and drink, and toasting all the false gods, he saw the handwriting of God upon the wall that announced his and his kingdom's doom. (See Daniel 5) Recall also that Job's sons and daughters, who do not seem to be godly as their father, were "feasting" in the eldest son's house when they were destroyed by agents of the Devil. So too will the handwriting be on the wall at the time of the red and black horse riders. So too the world will be feasting, with their fine foods in their mouths, when God sends forth famine and death.

Destroying The Strong & Fat Ones

"I will feed my flock, and I will cause them to lie down, saith the Lord GOD. I will seek that which was lost, and bring again that which was driven away, and will bind up that which was broken, and will strengthen that which was sick: but I will destroy the fat and the strong; I will feed them with judgment." (Eze. 34: 15-16)

Who are "the fat" and "the strong" upon whom the Lord promises judgment and destruction? Surely they are "the rich in this world," of whom the Psalmist spoke, saying of them: "Behold, these are the ungodly, who prosper in the world; they increase in riches." (Psa. 73: 12) By their wealth they have power over many people, and more often than not they use that power corruptly to increase their wealth and control over the people.

These "fat cats" have often been seen in high government positions where they use their political power to increase their wealth. The world at the time of the coming of the black horse of famine will suffer an attack by God upon the whole "world of the ungodly" (II Peter 2: 5), but particularly upon "the rich and strong ones." When one looks at the many trials and calamities of the day of wrath and judgment in the Apocalypse he sees how "the rich" are often particularly singled out for judgment. But, as we have seen, the world will be full of rich people, for nearly all countries will enjoy a standard of living higher than that of kings and rich men of ancient times. There will be in the end times, however, the super rich.

The irony in the above words is obvious. God says to those who have been "feeding" themselves with the finest of food and the best of earthly enjoyments (the rich) - "I will feed you with judgment." They will eat the judgments he has prepared for them.

On the above verse we have these good comments from the Commentaries:

"The fat and the strong.—While fatness is in general an emblem of prosperity, it is frequently used in Scripture, as here, for that prosperity which begets hardness of heart and forgetfulness of God. (See Deuteronomy 32:15; Acts 28:27, &c.)" (Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers)

"fat...strong—that is, those rendered wanton by prosperity (De 32:15; Jer 5:28), who use their strength to oppress the weak. Compare Eze 34:20, "the fat cattle" (Isa 10:16). The image is from fat cattle that wax refractory." (JBF Commentary)

In company with the above verse, notice these words of the prophet Jeremiah:

"As a cage is full of birds, so are their houses full of deceit: therefore they are become great, and waxen rich. They are waxen fat, they shine: yea, they overpass the deeds of the wicked: they judge not the cause, the cause of the fatherless, yet they prosper; and the right of the needy do they not judge." (Jer. 5:27-28)

This picture of the wicked prospering, often by "ill gotten gain," in the above text, is also a picture of the character of the world's citizens at the time of the four horsemen.

Fattened For Slaughter

"Now listen, you rich people, weep and wail because of the misery that is coming on you. 2 Your wealth has rotted, and moths have eaten your clothes. 3 Your gold and silver are corroded. Their corrosion will testify against you and eat your flesh like fire. You have hoarded wealth in the last days. 4 Look! The wages you failed to pay the workers who mowed your fields are crying out against you. The cries of the harvesters have reached the ears of the Lord Almighty. 5 You have lived on earth in luxury and self-indulgence. You have fattened yourselves in the day of slaughter.[a] 6 You have condemned and murdered the innocent one, who was not opposing you." (James 5: 1-6 NIV)

The world at the time of the coming judgment of the four horsemen, particularly of the black horse of famine and want, will be ungodly and will have "fattened" themselves for "the day of slaughter," or as we say today, "fattened for the kill." Wrote Barnes:

"The meaning is, that they appeared to have been fattening themselves, like stall-fed beasts, for the day of slaughter. As cattle are carefully fed, and are fattened with a view to their being slaughtered, so they seemed to have been fattened for the slaughter that was to come on them - the day of vengeance. Thus many now live." (Commentary)

Will the world not be "fattened for slaughter" at the time of the end?

Barnes said further:

"As in a day of slaughter - There has been much variety in the interpretation of this expression...But probably the more correct idea is, that they had fattened themselves as for the day of destruction; that is, as animals are fattened for slaughter. They lived only to eat and drink, and to enjoy life. But, by such a course, they were as certainly preparing for perdition, as cattle were prepared to be killed by being stall-fed." (Ibid)

The prophet Jeremiah in his deprecation against the ungodly prayed the Lord:

"pull them out like sheep for the slaughter, and prepare them for the day of slaughter." (Jer. 12: 3)

On these words Dr. Gill wrote:

"Pull them out like sheep for the slaughter; either out of the fold, or from a fat pasture; so fat sheep are plucked from the rest, in order to be killed: this shows that their riches, affluence, and plenty, served but to ripen them for ruin and destruction, and were like the fattening of sheep for slaughter; which the prophet, by this imprecation, suggests and foretells would be their case, as a righteous judgment upon them; see ( James 5:5) . Prepare them for the day of slaughter; or, "sanctify them"; set them apart for it." (Commentary)

Morning Star Rising

"We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts." (II Peter 1:19)

We have introduced the study of what is meant by "until the day star arise in your hearts." Let us continue it.

Said one commentator:

"But it is hard to see how the Second Coming arises in the heart of the believer." (Mark Dunagan Commentary on the Bible)

That this is true in regard to many bible commentators on the passage is not denied. However, the difficulty in seeing the connection between the experience of the morning star rising in the hearts of Christians and the day dawning is due to the fact that the subject it encompasses has received little attention by writers on the second coming.

That subject involves the experiences of Christians who are left alive, or remain, unto the coming of that day.

What does the bible say about the state of Christianity at the time of the morning star rising, and when the day is beginning to dawn on this dark world? What about the Omega or last generation of Christians? Are there any clues as to the state and character of these Christians of the last generation?

We know that the bible has much to say about the state of the lost, or of the world, at the time of Christ's return. But, what about the state of the church? Before addressing these questions, let us look at some commentary on our text.

Heinrich Meyer's Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament

"The words: ἕως οὔ κ. τ. λ., show that for the believer another condition of matters will commence. The time when the day dawns in the hearts of the Christians, and the morning star arises, and when consequently they can do without the light, has been variously determined. According to Dorner, it is “a time within the development of the Christian life in the individual; that time, namely, when what is matter of history shall become living knowledge, influencing entirely the whole life” (Lehre v. d. Pers. Christi, 2 ed. part I. p. 104). But such a separation of the development of the Christian life of his readers into two periods can the less be assumed here, that the author would thus accuse them of still possessing a purely outward Christianity, and it can hardly be supposed that he should have considered the word of prophecy as unnecessary for the advanced Christian. Early commentators already correctly applied the words to the Parousia. It is erroneous, however, to understand them of that event itself, for with the advent the morning passes into the perfect day. The point of time which Peter has in view is that immediately preceding the second coming, the time when the σημεῖον (sign) of the Son of man appears (Matthew 24:30), when believers are to lift up their heads because their ἀπολύτρωσις draweth nigh (Luke 21:28), when accordingly the morning star which ushers in the day shall arise in their hearts; similarly Wiesinger and Brückner."

Yes, indeed, have the commentators "been variously" different in ascertaining the "time" for the day star rising and thus of its significance. There is no question in my mind that the day star rising in the hearts of believers is an event that takes place in the last hour of the night and immediately before the morning of the day.

Schaff's Popular Commentary on the New Testament

"The reference, therefore, seems to be to the day of Christ’s Second Coming, in comparison with which the present state of the world is the time of night and darkness. The prophetic word to which believers are to give earnest heed is a lamp which is to go on shining until the Christ of whom it testifies appears. The fact that this is the ministry it is meant to serve is the reason why they ought to give such heed to it. And when the day of the Lord’s Advent, which shall be like the rising of dawn upon the world, is about to enter, as enter it certainly shall, its signs shall make themselves known to Christ’s own flock—in their hearts shall rise a light and assurance like the day-star, which comes with the day and attests its full entrance. Those, therefore, are right who think that the particular point of time in view is that immediately heralding the Second Advent itself, ‘the time when the sign of the Son of man appears (Matthew 24:30), when believers are to lift up their heads because their redemption draweth nigh (Luke 21:28), when accordingly the morning-star which ushers in the day shall arise in their hearts’ (Huther)."

Again, this is my view exactly. The fulfillment of the prediction for the day star to arise in the heart can only be with the final generation of believers, to those who "are alive and are left unto the coming of the Lord."

Gill's commentary:

"and the day star arise in your hearts; or "the sun", as the Syriac version renders it; not Christ, the morning star, the dayspring from on high, and the sun of righteousness, who was already risen upon them; nor the grace of God implanted in their hearts, by which they were already called out of darkness, and made light in the Lord; but as the day star is the bringer of light, as the word used signifies, or the forerunner of the day, so it here intends the immediate signs and forerunners of the coming of Christ; which when observed in their hearts, and by their understandings, as being come to pass, they may lift up their heads with joy, because their redemption draws near, Luke 21:28 and so the Ethiopic here renders it, "and redemption, arise for you in your hearts". Now till this time the sure word of prophecy concerning Christ's second coming is to be "taken heed unto", as a lamp, light, and torch, to direct us to it, to encourage us to love it, long for it, and hasten to it: and in so doing we shall "do well"; it will be well for the glory of God and Christ, this being setting our seals to them as true; and well for ourselves to keep up our faith, hope, and expectation of it, unmoved."

Gill here puts the fulfillment of the day star rising at the time immediately preceding the coming of Christ and of that new day.

Commentators at preceptaustin.com:

"The second coming of Christ will have not only an externally transforming impact on the universe (2Pe 3:7, 8, 3:9, 10, 11, 12, 13-See notes 2Pe 3:7-8, 3:9, 10, 11-13), but also an internally transforming impact (in your hearts) on those believers who are alive when Jesus returns, forever removing any of their remaining doubts. The perfect, albeit limited, revelation of the Scriptures will be replaced with the perfect and complete revelation of Jesus Christ at the second coming (Jn 14:7, 8, 9, 10, 11; 21:25).

At that time believers will have perfect knowledge and all prophecy will be abolished

for now we see in a mirror dimly, but then face to face; now (we) know in part, but then (we) will know fully just as (we) also have been fully known. (1Cor 13:14)

Hiebert has an interesting comment on the somewhat difficult to interpret phrase "in your hearts" writing that "The truth that Christ is coming again must first arise in their hearts, like the morning star, giving assurance of coming day. Assured of His anticipated return, they will be alert to detect the gleams of dawn breaking through the darkness. Those who disregard the light of prophecy will not understand the significance of these harbingers of coming day. Such a living hope must have a transforming impact upon daily life." (preceptaustin - here)

Vine adds that phosphoros "is used of the morning star, as the light–bringer, 2 Pet. 1:19, where it indicates the arising of the light of Christ as the Personal fulfilment, in the hearts of believers, of the prophetic Scriptures concerning His Coming to receive them to Himself. (Vine, W E: Vine's Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words. 1996. Nelson)

I agree with these comments.

Believing strongly as I do that I may yet see the coming of the Lord and of that glorious day, I am looking for the Lord's "knocking" and for the day star to rise in my heart! I look forward to being an eyewitness and participant in the events scheduled by God for the "end of days." Are you eagerly watching for the signs of his coming? Are you prepared for that day? The rock caves will not hide from the day of the Lord's vengeance, wrath, and tribulation. Only in Jesus, the "rock of ages," can one be safe. Many believers will have to give their lives for their allegiance to Christ in these last days. Others will be kept safe and secure, and even empowered in miraculous ways.

(The above was originally posted here)

Black Horse Of The Apocalypse II

"Their visage is blacker than a coal - their skin cleaveth to their bones"

"Their visage is blacker than a coal; they are not known in the streets: their skin cleaveth to their bones; it is withered, it is become like a stick. They that be slain with the sword are better than they that be slain with hunger: for these pine away, stricken through for want of the fruits of the field." (Lam. 4: 8-9)

Such famines as described in the above words of Jeremiah have existed in communities and states since the beginning of civilization. Some famines have affected many nations at once, being caused often by drought, insects, disease in plants and animals, wars, etc. What is unique, however, about the famine under the coming of the black horse rider is that it is global in scale. It is also a famine that follows upon the heels of global violence and manslaughter.

It is highly ironic that obesity is a common problem around the world today, in the days that immediately precede the coming famine under the black horse rider. In the days preceding the black horse rider the world experiences prosperity on a scale never before experienced. People will have "waxed fat," to use a scriptural expression.

"Fat" or "fatness" are words used many times in scripture for obesity, but also to denote a people that are well fed, who are far off from famine. Thus, when the famine under the black horse rider comes people will go from fatness and obesity to skin and bones! All because they have sinned grievously against the Lord and have rejected his Son and our only Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, and his calls to repentance.

Waxed Fat & Kicking

"Give me neither poverty nor riches; feed me with food convenient for me: Lest I be full, and deny thee, and say, Who is the LORD? or lest I be poor, and steal, and take the name of my God in vain." (Prov. 30: 8-9)

The general population of the world today lives better than at any time in the history of the world. Men credit this fact to man's ability to evolve, to his power to reason, to his natural abilities, and will not give credit to God. They are rich in comparison to all preceding generations. According to the words of Solomon, however, the danger in "having riches" and being "full" is that men will be likely to "deny" the Lord, and to mock at any possibility of having knowledge of him. Thus it has been in the case of the chosen people Israel, as well as many other nations who have been blessed by God with freedom from want.

Notice these words of Moses:

"So the LORD alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him. He made him ride on the high places of the earth, that he might eat the increase of the fields; and he made him to suck honey out of the rock, and oil out of the flinty rock; Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape. But Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked: thou art waxen fat, thou art grown thick, thou art covered with fatness; then he forsook God which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation." (Duet. 32: 12-15)

"They are said to "wax fat", enjoy great outward prosperity, to abound in temporal good things...thou art waxen fat, thou art grown thick, thou art covered with fatness; which is repeated and expressed by different words, both for the certainty of it, and to denote their great affluence of good things, and so the more to aggravate their impiety and ingratitude, next observed." (Gill's Commentary)

The world at the time when the red and black horses ride will have become fat, enjoying prosperity on a scale never seen before. In describing "fat" or well fed people, we note these scriptures:

"Their eyes stand out with fatness: they have more than heart could wish." (Psa. 73: 7)

How different is the picture of the famished! Look at the picture at the top of this chapter. Look at the description of the bodies of the famished by Jeremiah! Then, compare it with this description of those who have plenty to eat. Their "eyes stand out with fatness" and "they have more than heart could wish." The Psalmist speaks of being "fat and flourishing." (Psa. 92: 14) He also spoke, on the other hand, of his being physically "weak through fasting," saying "my flesh faileth of fatness." (Psa. 109: 24) Isaiah prophesied saying:

"And in that day it shall come to pass, that the glory of Jacob shall be made thin, and the fatness of his flesh shall wax lean." (Isa. 17: 4)

These words are comparable to those of Jeremiah given at the head of this chapter where he said"their visage is blacker than a coal; they are not known in the streets: their skin cleaveth to their bones; it is withered, it is become like a stick." Here starvation is described as being "made thin," and a case where "the fatness of his flesh shall wax lean."

It is not sinful to be rich. Many godly men and women in scripture have been rich. In all cases, however, the godly rich were always helping the poor and sharing their abundance. Further, the Lord promises prosperity, or fatness, to those who follow his teachings and heed his wisdom. Notice these verses on that point.

"The liberal soul shall be made fat: and he that watereth shall be watered also himself." (Prov. 11: 25)

"The soul of the sluggard desireth, and hath nothing: but the soul of the diligent shall be made fat." (Prov. 13: 4)

Here we see how working hard and being liberal brings fatness and good nourishment, freedom from want of food and general deprivation. It is not being rich that is sinful and immoral, but it is simply that riches, like power, corrupts. Very few who have become rich in this world escape degeneration and as Solomon said, keep themselves from denying the Lord and manifesting gross ignorance of him. It is also what Moses described when he said "Jeshurun waxed fat and kicked." On this John Calvin wrote:

"Moses here severely censures the ingratitude of the people, because when filled with delicacies, they began to wax wanton against God; for, according to the vulgar proverb, satiety breeds violence; but this arises from men’s detestable depravity, who ought rather to be inclined to humility and gentleness by the loving-kindness of God, since the more abundantly He supplies us with food, the more does He invite us to show forth the affection that becomes children, inasmuch as He thus more closely and familiarly declares Himself to be our Father. Intolerable, then, is the impiety of profane persons, who increase in insolence against Him, when they have gorged themselves with an abundance of all good things. They are here compared to restive horses, which, if they are well fed, without exercise, kick under their rider, and are rendered almost intractable." (Commentary)

Though it is not true in every case, yet it is so in most; prosperity can be dangerous for your spiritual well being. Not all prosperity is the result of righteous and wise living, though it is one of the fruits of it. Many wicked people prosper and are "fat." In fact, if we are to believe the record of scripture in many places, being rich in this world and having plenty to eat, makes it less likely that one is of the elect, or of the saved. Said the apostle:

"Hath not God chosen the poor of this world rich in faith, and heirs of the kingdom which he hath promised to them that love him?" (James 2: 5)

Jesus also taught that most rich people will fail of entering into the kingdom of God.

"And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God." (Matt. 19: 24)

Paul also testified:

"For ye see your calling, brethren, how that not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called." (I Cor. 1: 26)

He did not write "not any," thank God, but "not many." Few of the rich in this world are friends of God but are generally in league with Babylon and with "the god of this age."

One good commentary gives a lengthy commentary upon the words of Moses in Duet. 32 and the words "Jeshurun waxed fat and kicked" under the sub heading "Worldly prosperity." It says:

I. A community realising worldly prosperity. Worldly prosperity sometimes comes to a man--

1. Irrespective of his efforts.
2. By his honest efforts.
3. By his dishonest efforts.

II. A community abusing worldly prosperity.

1. In sympathy they withdrew from God.
2. In life they disregarded God.

On the dangers of prosperity

Two main themes run through this song, strongly contrasted, like a cord of bright gold and a black cord twined together. The one which takes the lead is the gracious kindness of the Lord to Israel in the wonderful works wrought for their deliverance and exaltation, and the benefits of all kinds bestowed upon them. Then over against this stands Israel’s gross misimprovement of these blessings, Israel’s ingratitude and apostasy, with the judgments which naturally followed their unfaithfulness. The text is the turning point of this wonderful composition. Up to this verse the strain has been (in the main) exultant and cheering, celebrating the lofty distinction to which Israel had been raised; now it becomes sad, threatening, and bewailing an unparalleled declension. How did this come about? It is all contained in these few words, which have a solemn warning for ourselves: “Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked.” Jeshurun, “the upright one,” the people who had been called and set apart to be a holy nation, aiming at righteousness, and who hitherto had been distinguished by a measure of integrity, became corrupted through prosperity.

I. Let us regard men in their social capacity, and with respect to their general worldly interests, and observe how they are commonly affected by abundant prosperity. History is full of instances to show how national character has deteriorated as the wealth and power of a nation have increased. A people, while struggling for existence and contending for liberty, have displayed all the virtues of industry and frugality, of energy and courage, of public spirit and self-denying regard for the common good. Thus they establish their commonwealth and grow strong and powerful. Then riches flow in; luxury follows in their train; the sons soon forget the virtues of their fathers, or despise them; then parties are formed; each class, each individual, is ambitious to cope with or outshine the other. All the petty passions of our nature soon spring up into rank activity. Selfishness reigns, the general good is forgotten, and principles which once were held in honour are derided and spurned." (The Biblical Illustrator)

The last generation, the Omega generation, which shall live to see the coming of the Apocalypse and all its varied judgments, will have "waxed fat" through the blessing of God and yet, have "kicked" or stubbornly rebelled against him. They do not ascribe to him, as they should, the reason for their prosperity and their being well fed and nourished. Mankind's "fruitful seasons" are undeserved gifts of God and if men forget this fact, they are sure to suffer for it. Testified Paul:

"Nevertheless he left not himself without witness, in that he did good, and gave us rain from heaven, and fruitful seasons, filling our hearts with food and gladness." (Acts 14: 17)

How dreadful is the sin of man in the very last days! A time when men will have been so highly blessed with "fruitful seasons" and being "filled with food," and "filled with gladness in heart"! Do they thank God for it and render until him the praise he is due?

The Bible says much about gratitude as well as the lack of it. Ingratitude is a sin with severe repercussions. The record of such fat ingrates is this:

“Although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to him.” (Rom. 1: 21)

Oh the vile ingratitude of man in the last days! What height of arrogance! The characteristics of these arrogant and ungrateful souls is that they will be "lovers of self, lovers of money, proud, arrogant, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy." (II Tim. 3: 2)

The "goodness of God" in giving man his food and his enjoyments was in order to draw men to God via repentance.

"Or despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and longsuffering; not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance?" (Rom. 2: 4)

Not only are men ingrates in regard to giving God his thanks, but they have gone even further in their kicking and rebellion by their actual "despising" what are "the riches of his goodness," and "the riches of his forbearance," and the "riches of his longsuffering." And, not only despising God and his gifts, there is no turning to him (repentance), but a further turning away from him.

In some respects, the wicked men who shall experience the judgments of the seven seals are to be pitied, for the judgments are severe and terrible. But, when one considers the great depravity of the people of that final wicked generation, then tendency to pity is removed. They get what they deserve for "true and righteous (just) are his judgments" (Rev. 19: 2). When the Lord comes in Apocalyptic judgment, he will then deal with "the fat ones" who have kicked at his word and sovereignty. But, more on that in the next chapter.

Black Horse Of The Apocalypse I

"he called for a famine upon the land: he brake the whole staff of bread"

(Psa. 105: 16)

"And when he had opened the third seal, I heard the third beast say, Come and see. And I beheld, and lo a black horse; and he that sat on him had a pair of balances in his hand. And I heard a voice in the midst of the four beasts say, A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and see thou hurt not the oil and the wine." (Rev. 6: 5-6)

This has not yet been fulfilled. Those who think so are simply in error. Notice this commentary (emphasis mine):

"The black horseman of this seal still rides in the world today, the fact being that at perhaps no other time in human history were more people threatened by the specter of starvation than at this very moment. Is the present, therefore, in any exclusive way to be identified with the rider? No. The black horseman has been riding in all generations and will continue to do so until the end." (Coffman's Commentaries on the Bible)

This person sees a continuous fulfillment "in all generations," from the fall of man till the end of time. But, this is totally untenable. The third seal's opening is what brings the black horse rider. That seal has not yet been opened. It was not opened at the beginning of human history, nor is it open now, but will be opened with the other six when the Lord comes again in judgment. Only a Futurist view of this prophecy is justifiable.

Wrote Dr. John Gill:

"or rather of a famine, not in a spiritual sense, of hearing of the word, but in a literal sense; see Lamentations 4:7; not what was at the siege of Jerusalem, or in the times of Claudius Caesar, Acts 11:28; but in the times of the Emperor Severus, and others, as the historians of those times, and the writings of Tertullian show; when the Heathens ascribed the scarcity that was among them to the wickedness of the Christians, whereas it was a judgment upon them for their persecution of them." 

Gill, though he does not see a continuous riding of the black horse rider through time, yet he, like others, attempts to find a fulfillment in history. Yet, nothing of the scale of famine under the black horse rider has ever been realized. Again, we must insist that the judgments of the four horsemen are worldwide in scope. They involve the "inhabitants of the earth." That would include all of them. As the flood judgment was universal, so too are the judgments of the Apocalypse.

Wrote Seiss in "The Apocalypse" :

"But the breaking of the third seal starts another horse — “a black horse” — at whose appearance the seer is moved to exclamation: “And I saw, and, behold, a black horse, and he that sat on him having a pair of balances in his hand.”

More feeling is expressed at the appearance of this power, because a more general and unmanageable plague is the subject of contemplation. Long ago did Jeremiah say: “They that be slain with the sword are better than they that be slain with hunger; for these pine away, stricken through for want of the fruits of the field.” (Lamentations 4:9.) Black is the colour of dearth and famine. When Jeremiah contemplated Judah and his gates “black unto the ground,” it was a picture “concerning the dearth.” (Jeremiah 14:1, 2.) The same prophet says: “Our skin was black like an oven, because of the terrible famine.” (Lamentations 5:10.) It is the hue of mourning; and the rest of the description identifies it as mourning by reason of scarcity."

Though the word "famine" is not used in the text about the black horse rider, yet all agree that famine is depicted by the imagery of the scales weighing grains for rationing. Other factors also demonstrate it. Certainly the color black signifies famine and the death resulting from it. This the scriptures cited by Seiss show. Notice these words of the prophet:

"Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Behold, I will send upon them the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, and will make them like vile figs, that cannot be eaten, they are so evil." (Jer. 29: 17)

"Vile" figs are figs that have died and decomposed and in the final stage of decomposition the dead plant (or animal) becomes blackened. Such fruit is not only worthless but repugnant and is put as far away as possible from its rotting smell and putrid sight.

Those who escape murderous death under the judgment of the red horse rider may well die in the famine that will attend the slaughter and the civil upheaval. And, as the prophet said, to die by famine is far worse than being slain by the sword. The bodies of those dying from famine become "nothing but skin and bones." Their bodies become like wilted figs or fruit, and they become ashen or blackened in their color.

Notice also in this passage how the three judgments of sword, famine, and pestilence are the three we see in the red, black, and pale horses. But, more on that later.

Seiss continued:

"The rider of this black horse carries a pair of balances in his hand. There is close and careful weighing: and the things weighed are the common articles of food. John also “heard as if a voice in the midst of the four Living ones, saying: A choenix of wheat for a denarius, and three choenixes of barley for a denarius.” When things are plentiful, exact weight or measure is not regarded. The Spirit, as given to Christ, was given without measure. So, also, in Joseph’s gathering of corn, and in David’s gathering of copper for the temple. And when corn is abundant, it is sold by gross measure, and no attention is paid to a few hundred grains, one way or the other. But when it becomes high in price and scarce, then it is strictly weighed, and every ounce is taken into account. And, in numerous places in Scripture, the weighing out of the bread to be eaten, is given as one of the marks of great scarcity and want. (Leviticus 26:20; Ezekiel 4:10, 16).

But the picture is further shown to be one of scarcity, by the prices of provisions which John heard declared. People do not generally suppose that God has much to do with price lists. They go up and down, and millions higgle over them every day, but no one thinks of anything Divine connected with them. But whether men realize it or not, price lists are made in heaven. John hears the rates of corn and bread announced by the same heavenly powers by which these mystic horses are called into action. Whatever the weather, the crops, the quantities of money in the country, the extent of speculation in the market, or other subordinate causes may have to do with it, the prime and all-controlling cause is the decree of the throne. It is God, from whom we have our daily bread, and it is by His will that it is plentiful and cheap, or scarce and costly."

The awfulness of this final great famine is due to 1) its enormity, involving the whole world, or all the inhabitants of the earth, which is today over 12 billion people, and 2) its severity, cutting the world's supply of basic food stuffs to meagre remnants, and 3) the time in which it occurs, being a time immediately following the greatest time of prosperity the world has ever seen. People go from having plenty to having hardly anything. A time where silver and gold will do one very little good, where the rich are also suffering want of basic needs.

What Seiss says above about how "price lists are made in heaven" is worth considering further. Prior to the coming of the four horsemen, people all over the world will have been enjoying goods plenty, the average person living better than kings have done in primitive times. Russian czars in the middle ages could scarcely eat bananas. Yet, people today in all parts of the world are able to eat food that is grown in other parts of the world. Spices are abundant today as never before in the history of the world. But, men do not generally thank God for such prosperity.

Modern commerce, with its refrigeration and transportation technologies, has not only brought humankind cheap prices for most goods, and liberation from much poverty and famine, but also a dramatic societal change. Before the modernization of our present world most people lived in an agrarian society, living on farms where they produced most of their meats and other food stuffs. Today, however, food production is done by giant corporations for the most part, and individuals are totally dependent upon them and the economic system for their necessary food.

Yes, God is in control of economies. Notice these words of the prophet:

"You have sown much, and harvested little; you eat, but you never have enough; you drink, but you never have your fill; you clothe yourselves, but no one is warm; and he who earns wages earns wages to put them into a bag with holes." (Hag. 1: 6 NKJV)

Because of the judgment of God for sin, Israel suffered economically. Her "harvests" being not blessed, the yield is scant; And, people do not "have enough" means for basic survival, and what little is gained in wages is soon lost, put as it were into a bag with holes, inflation devaluing currency. In Germany in the days preceding the rise of Hitler (1921-23), inflation, or "hyperinflation," was so bad that one had to bring a wheelbarrow full of Deutschmarks just to buy a loaf of bread. Others even burned the money as it was cheaper than fuel in heating! Money does not avail in times of extreme famine. You can't eat silver and gold. No wonder the prophet spoke of people throwing their silver and gold into the streets in such times! (Eze. 7: 19)

Instead of putting wages into a bag with holes, Jesus said:

"Sell what you have and give alms; provide yourselves money bags which do not grow old, a treasure in the heavens that does not fail, where no thief approaches nor moth destroys." (Luke 12: 33).

The world has rejected heavenly treasure for money and possessions. But, earthly treasures are so far different from heaven's treasures. Recall these words of the Lord:

"And he said unto them, Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth." (Luke 12: 15)

There is a being "rich in this world" ( I Tim. 6: 17) contrasted with being "rich towards God" (Luke 12: 21), or being "rich in faith" (James 2: 5) or "rich in good works" (I Tim. 6: 18).

God's judgment of nations often involves economic destruction. The ten plagues sent upon the Egyptians certainly wrecked the Egyptian economy. The Book of Joel shows that one of the "armies" of the Lord are the various kinds of locusts, sent by God to destroy the food supplies and the crops, which brings famine and death.

Seiss continued:

"The prices here given, are judgment prices, indicative of extreme scarcity and distress. A choenix is about a pint and a half of our measure, and is the ordinary allowance of wheat to a man for one day’s scanty subsistence. A denarius was the ordinary wages for a full day’s labour. And when a choenix of wheat costs a denarius, it is as much as a man can do to earn the bread he himself consumes, leaving nothing for his family or for his other wants."

"Judgment prices"! Ponder that for awhile!

Seiss continued:

"But even at these ruinous rates, there is not wheat enough. People have to betake themselves to barley — the food of horses and beasts of burden. Yet the barley is as difficult of procurement as the wheat. In ordinary times, a denarius would buy twenty-four choenixes of barley; but here a denarius will buy but three — the scanty allowance for a day’s subsistence for a slave. The arrival of things at such a pass, accordingly argues a severity of hard times, distress, and want, almost beyond the power of imagination to depict. Yet, it is but the natural result of the state of things under the red horse. The two are closely connected as cause and effect. Take away peace from the earth, and inaugurate universal wars, civil strifes, and bloody feuds, and terrible scarcity of the means of subsistence must follow."

One would almost think that the black horse of famine would precede the violent slaughter of the red horse, rather than the other way. Yet, as we have observed, these four horsemen appear rather synonymously or so quickly on the heels of each as to be so for all practical purposes. But, it is rather that widespread lawlessness causes economic chaos, such as we see on a very small scale now with the Coronavirus pandemic and mass rioting. Food chains have been disrupted along with many aspects of the economy so that many grocery shelves are empty.

Consider also that when food becomes scarce, it is fought after. Thus, murder and famine go hand in hand, both promoting the other.